- Varshney quotes Ashis Nandy regarding the growing trend in India towards radical nationalism. He writes that modern India does not demonstrate the same tolerance towards non-Hinduist religions as Hindus did towards the Jews, Zoroastrians, and the Christians. This trend highlights the difference between the Indian federation and African states regarding the relevance of Bates' theory. This intolerance is a marked sign of national unification in India, as was the political displacement of the Congress Party with the Hindu Nationalist Party. We do not find such bolstering of nationalist feelings in Africa. It is questionable whether nationalism even exists there at all, in its true sense - meant to describe an ethnic group's aspiration to rule a certain country or to participate in its government as a group.